The problem with not distinguishing higher from lower appetite is that a person must identify deviant emotion as volitional, and therefore subject to the same sort of moral censure as a deliberate, external act. By distinguishing higher and lower appetite, a tiered psychology, it might be possible to acknowledge deviant emotion without it being a person’s truest belief.

— Matthew A. LaPine, The Logic of the Body: Retrieving Theological Psychology (Bellingham, WA: Lexham Press, 2020), 186